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When electric motors are switched on directly, inrush currents can be up to 7 times higher and the torque up to three times higher. These effects can be avoided by using soft starters. The enclosed…

The two safety standards EN 62061 and EN ISO 13849 play a significant role for compliance with functional safety in the design and construction of machinery, as they specify the requirements for the…

In engineering, fault tolerance means the property of a technical system to maintain its functionality even when failures and error conditions occur.  Fault tolerance increases the availability…

The German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers’ Association (ZVEI) supports the efforts of the EU Commission to boost the role of plastics in a circular economy. The electrical industry…

The present white paper "Fault tolerance in machine safety" describes for the first time a way in which fault-tolerant safety functions can be used to maintain the continued operation of a…

In the European internal market there are uncertainties in which cases elementary relays (electromechanical elementary relays) must be provided with the CE marking according to IEC/EN 61810-1[II]…

This document describes characteristic features of binary 24V interfaces that use dynamic test pulses.   The purpose of this document is to describe terms and definitions; define…

Every industrial process incorporates a risk of harming people, damaging production plants or polluting the environment. It is therefore easily seen in more and more regions of this world that…

Every industrial process incorporates a risk of harming people, damaging production plants or polluting the environment. It is therefore easily seen in more and more regions of this world that…

The Committee for Electronic Binary and Analog Sensors of the ZVEI Division of Switching Devices, Switchboards and Industrial Controls has undertaken to elucidate the subject of EMC as it relates to…